Is it Mandatory to do a 24 hour ABPM in all Patients with Moderate to Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnoea?

Background Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) has been described as a risk factor for arterial hypertension (HT). One of the proposed mechanisms linking these conditions is non dipping (ND) pattern in nocturnal blood pressure, however evidence is variable and based on specific populations with underlying conditions. Data for OSA and ND in subjects residing at high altitude are currently unavailable. Objective Identify the prevalence and association of moderate to severe OSA with HT and ND pattern in hypertensive and non-hypertensive otherwise healthy middle-aged individuals in residing at high altitude (Bogotá:2640 mt) Methods Adult individuals with diagnosis of moderate to severe OSA underwent 24 hour- ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) between 2015 and 2017. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis were performed to identify predictors of HT and ND pattern. Results Ninety-three (93) individuals (male 62.4% and median age 55) were included in the final analysis. Overall, 30.1% showed a ND pattern in ABPM and 14.9% had diurnal and nocturnal hypertension. Severe OSA (higher apnea-hiponea index [AHI]) was associated with HT (p = 0.006), but not with ND patterns (p = 0.54) in multivariable regression. Smoking status and lowest oxygen saturation during respiratory events where independently associated with ND pattern (p = 0.04), whereas age (p = 0.001) was associated with HT. Conclusions In our sample, one in three individuals with moderate to severe OSA have non dipping patterns suggesting lack of straight association between OSA and ND. Older individuals who have higher AHI are more likely to have HT, and those who smoke have a higher risk of ND. These findings add aditional information to the multiple mechanisms involved in the relationship between OSA and ND pattern, and questions the routine use of 24-hour ABPM, particullary in our region, with limited resources and healthcare acces. However, further work with more robust methodology is needed to draw conclusions.

Peri-event plasma PCSK9 and hsCRP after an acute myocardial infarction correlate with early deterioration of left ventricular ejection fraction: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: It is important to identify patients at increased risk of worsening of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) after a myocardial infarction (MI). We aimed to identify the association of various potential biomarkers with LVEF impairment after an MI in South American patients. METHODS: We studied adult patients admitted to a University Hospital and diagnosed with an acute MI. Plasma concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and heart-type fatty-acid-binding protein (FABP3) were determined in samples drawn shortly after the event. Participants had a follow-up visit at least 45 days after the event. The primary endpoint was defined as any decline in LVEF at follow-up relative to baseline. RESULTS: The study included 106 patients (77.4% men, 22.6% women), mean age was 64.1, mean baseline LVEF was 56.6, 19% had a prior MI. We obtained a follow-up evaluation in 100 (94.4%) of participants, mean follow-up time was 163 days. There was a significant correlation between baseline PCSK9 and hsCRP (r = 0.39, p < 0.001). Baseline hsCRP concentrations were higher in patients who developed the endpoint than in those who did not (32.1 versus 21.2 mg/L, p = 0.066). After multivariate adjustment, baseline PCSK9, male sex and age were significantly associated with impairment in LVEF. The absolute change in LVEF was inversely correlated with baseline hsCRP (standardized coefficient = - 0.246, p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: High plasma levels of PCSK9 and hsCRP were associated with early decreases in LVEF after an MI in Latin American patients.

Factors influencing management of bilateral femur fractures: A multicenter retrospective cohort of early versus delayed definitive Fixation.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the factors that influence the timing of definitive fixation in the management of bilateral femoral shaft fractures and the outcomes for patients with these injuries. METHODS: Patients with bilateral femur fractures treated between 1998 to 2019 at ten level-1 trauma centers were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were grouped into early or delayed fixation, which was defined as definitive fixation of both femurs within or greater than 24 hours from injury, respectively. Statistical analysis included reversed logistic odds regression to predict which variable(s) was most likely to determine timing to definitive fixation. The outcomes included age, sex, high-volume institution, ISS, GCS, admission lactate, and admission base deficit. RESULTS: Three hundred twenty-eight patients were included; 164 patients were included in the early fixation group and 164 patients in the delayed fixation group. Patients managed with delayed fixation had a higher Injury Severity Score (26.8 vs 22.4; p<0.01), higher admission lactate (4.4 and 3.0; p<0.01), and a lower Glasgow Coma Scale (10.7 vs 13; p<0.01). High-volume institution was the most reliable influencer for time to definitive fixation, successfully determining 78.6% of patients, followed by admission lactate, 64.4%. When all variables were evaluated in conjunction, high-volume institution remained the strongest contributor (X2 statistic: institution: 45.6, ISS: 8.83, lactate: 6.77, GCS: 0.94). CONCLUSION: In this study, high-volume institution was the strongest predictor of timing to definitive fixation in patients with bilateral femur fractures. This study demonstrates an opportunity to create a standardized care pathway for patients with these injuries. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Single-Stage Versus 2-Stage Bilateral Intramedullary Nail Fixation in Patients With Bilateral Femur Fractures: A Multicenter Retrospective Review.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate rates of complications in patients with bilateral femur fractures treated with intramedullary nailing (IMN) during either 1 single procedure or 2 separate procedures. DESIGN: A multicenter retrospective review of patients sustaining bilateral femur fractures, treated with IMN in single or 2-stage procedure, from 1998 to 2018 was performed at 10 Level-1 trauma centers. SETTING: Ten Level-1 trauma centers. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred forty-six patients with bilateral femur fractures. INTERVENTIONS: Intramedullary nailing. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of complications. RESULTS: A total of 246 patients were included, with 188 single-stage and 58 two-stage patients. Gender, age, injury severity score, abbreviated injury score, secondary injuries, Glasgow coma scale, and proportion of open fractures were similar between both groups. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) occurred at higher rates in the 2-stage group (13.8% vs. 5.9%; P value = 0.05). When further adjusted for age, gender, injury severity score, abbreviated injury score, Glasgow coma scale, and admission lactate, the single-stage group had a 78% reduced risk for ARDS. In-hospital mortality was higher in the single-stage cohort (2.7% compared with 0%), although this did not meet statistical significance (P = 0.22). CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest multicenter study to date evaluating the outcomes between single- and 2-stage IMN fixation for bilateral femoral shaft fractures. Single-stage bilateral femur IMN may decrease rates of ARDS in polytrauma patients who are able to undergo simultaneous definitive fixation. However, a future prospective study with standardized protocols in place will be required to discern whether single- versus 2-stage fixation has an effect on mortality and to identify those individuals at risk. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Valvuloplastia mitral percutánea de emergencia en un paciente con edema pulmonar refractario / Emergency percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty in a patient with refractory pulmonary oedema

Resumen La estenosis mitral usualmente es causada por fiebre reumática. A pesar de ser una patología poco frecuente en los países desarrollados, es prevalente en los países en vía de desarrollo, donde aproximadamente dos tercios de la población mundial vive, haciendo de esta condición, una enfermedad valvular común. Es importante considerar la estenosis mitral en el diagnóstico diferencial de los pacientes con edema agudo de pulmón cardiogénico refractario y la valvuloplastia mitral percutánea de emergencia como el tratamiento definitivo. Se presenta el caso de un paciente femenino de 21 años, con edema agudo de pulmón cardiogénico refractario, secundario a estenosis mitral muy severa de origen reumático, tratado con valvuloplastia percutánea con balón de urgencia. Se realiza una revisión sobre la estenosis mitral y se examina el tratamiento con especial énfasis en los casos publicados en la literatura de valvuloplastia mitral percutánea de emergencia.

Abstract Mitral valve stenosis is usually caused by rheumatic fever. Although it is an uncommon disease in developed countries, it is prevalent in developing countries where approximately two-thirds of the world population lives, making this condition a common valve disease. It is important to consider mitral stenosis in the differential diagnosis of patients with acute refractory cardiogenic pulmonary oedema, and emergency percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty as the definitive treatment. The case is presented of a 21 year-old female with acute refractory cardiogenic pulmonary oedema, secondary to a very severe mitral stenosis of rheumatic origin, and who was treated with an urgent percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty. A review of mitral stenosis is presented, and the treatment is examined, with special emphasis on cases of emergency percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty published in the literature.

Cuidado paliativo en falla cardiaca / Palliative care in heart failure

Resumen La falla cardiaca avanzada se caracteriza por un compromiso circulatorio clínicamente significativo que requiere opciones de manejo avanzadas como el trasplante cardiaco, la inotropía intravenosa continua o intermitente, la asistencia ventricular o la terapia paliativa. El paciente con falla cardiaca avanzada no candidato a trasplante o asistencias ventriculares, es terminal y hace parte de un grupo heterogéneo con una condición clínica que fluctúa, con síntomas que condicionan el deterioro de la calidad de vida, y finalmente la muerte. El cuidado paliativo hace parte de las opciones de tratamiento avanzado cuyo objetivo principal es el control de los síntomas en el paciente con enfermedad avanzada, la planificación de los cuidados del final de la vida y los que permiten tener una muerte digna. No es una estrategia reservada para el paciente agónico. Es importante tener una comunicación asertiva con el paciente y su familia, y contar con las herramientas adecuadas para tomar decisiones y comunicarlas. Este documento presenta de forma concreta y práctica la forma de identificar y manejar el paciente con falla cardiaca terminal, con estrategias farmacológicas y no farmacológicas para el control de los síntomas más comunes en esta etapa de la enfermedad, así como de los aspectos relevantes sobre el manejo de dispositivos y conceptos sobre la transición del cuidado y la sedación paliativa.

Abstract Advanced heart failure is characterised by a clinically significant circulatory involvement that requires advances management options such as cardiac transplantation, continuous or intermittent inotropic infusions, ventricular assist devices or palliative therapy. Patients with advanced heart failure who are not candidate for a transplant or ventricular assist devices are terminal and belong to an heterogeneous group with a fluctuating clinical condition, with symptoms that impart their quality of life and eventually cause death. Palliative care is a part of the advanced therapy options whose main goal is to control symptoms in the patient with advanced disease, to plan care in the final stage of life and to allow for a dignified death. It is not a strategy limited to terminal patients. It is important to maintain assertive communication with the patient and their relatives, and to have the necessary tools to make and communicate decisions. This document presents in a concrete and practical manner the way of identifying and managing patients with terminal heart failure, with pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies to control the most common symptoms at this stage of the disease, as well as therelevant aspects on handling devices and concepts about care transition and palliative sedation.

Inhibición dual de la neprilisina y del receptor de la angiotensina (ARNI): una alternativa en los pacientes con falla cardiaca / Dual angiotensin receptor and neprilysin inhibition (ARNI): an alternative for patients with cardiac failure

La falla cardiaca (FC) es la causa más común de admisión hospitalaria en adultos en el mundo. Además, de su importante prevalencia la FC tiene un alta tasa de mortalidad, se estima que aproximadamente el 50% de los pacientes con FC mueren a los 5 años posterior al egreso hospitalario. Esto ha motivado el desarrollo de nuevas terapias seguras y efectivas para el manejo de esta entidad. El LCZ696 es un inhibidor dual de la neprilisina y del receptor de angiotensina II que demostró en estudios de fase III disminuir el desenlace primario de muerte cardiovascular y hospitalización por empeoramiento de la FC y muerte global. Probablemente el LCZ696 se convertirá en la piedra angular del manejo en pacientes con FC con fracción de eyección deprimida.

Cardiac failure (CF) is the most common cause of hospital admission in adults all over the world. In addition to its important prevalence, CF presents a high mortality rate. It is estimated that approximately 59% of patients with CF die within 5 years after the admission. This has been the motivation for the development of new, safe and effective therapies aimed at the management of this disease. LCZ696 is an angiotensin II receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; phase III studies have shown it decreases the primary outcome of cardiovascular death and admission due to worsening of the CF and global death. LCZ696 could probably become the cornerstone of the management of patients with CF with depressed ejection fraction.

Nueva era de la anticoagulación Resurgimiento de las clínicas de anticoagulación / New era of anticoagulation Resurgence of anticoagulation clinics

La anticoagulación es uno de los tratamientos más ampliamente utilizados y tiene indicaciones que comprometen diversas especialidades. Este tratamiento requiere un control y seguimiento muy cuidadoso para evitar complicaciones que pueden comprometer la vida del paciente. Las clínicas de anticoagulación han surgido como un mecanismo para reducir estas complicaciones. Tienen menor número de hospitalizaciones por año, menor número de consultas al servicio de urgencias y menor número de hemorragias. Adicionalmente se ha demostrado una reducción significativa de costos y una reducción de mortalidad (1). La terapia anticoagulante requiere una educación exhaustiva e individualizada del paciente y su familia que no puede obtenerse en una consulta habitual debido a las restricciones del sistema de salud en nuestro país (1, 2). La warfarina, la heparina no fraccionada, y las heparinas de bajo peso molecular han representado por muchos años la base de la terapia de anticoagulante. Los anticoagulantes tradicionales afectan a múltiples objetivos en la cascada de la coagulación y tienen ciertas limitaciones que hacen compleja su utilización en el ámbito clínico. Los esfuerzos recientes se han centrado en el desarrollo de anticoagulantes con objetivos más específicos tales como los inhibidores del Factor Xa y los inhibidores directos de la trombina. Sin embargo, estos nuevos medicamentos sólo han sido aprobados en algunas indicaciones específicas y el resto de patologías aún requieren del uso de los anticoagulantes tradicionales, en especial antagonistas de la vitamina K (4).

Neuroestimulador espinal para el tratamiento de la angina cardiaca refractaria / Spinal neurostimulator for the treatment of refractory cardiac angina

La angina refractaria es una condición clínica frecuente y debilitante en la que los síntomas persisten a pesar de la terapia médica óptima, cuando la intervención coronaria percutánea o la revascularización miocárdica es inviable o sus riesgos injustificados. La supervivencia de los pacientes con este diagnóstico es similar a la descrita para enfermedad isquémica coronaria crónica. Las opciones terapéuticas deben enfocarse en el alivio de la angina y en la mejoría de la calidad de vida. Recientemente se han propuesto varias alternativas para el tratamiento de la angina refractaria. Se reporta la experiencia de un grupo multidisciplinario en Colombia referente al implante de un neuroestimulador medular para el manejo de la angina refractaria.

Refractory angina (RA) is a common and debilitating clinical condition, characterized by the persistence of symptoms despite optimal medical therapy, along with unfeasible percutaneous coronary interventions or myocardial revascularization. The survival of patients with this diagnosis is similar to that of patients with chronic ischemic heart disease. Therapeutic options should focus on relieving angina and improving quality of life. Recently, several alternatives have been proposed for the treatment of RA. We describe the experience led by a Colombian multidisciplinary group, regarding the placement of a spinal neuro-stimulator for the management of a patient with RA.

Experiencia de una clínica de anticoagulación / Experience of an anticoagulation clinic

Introducción: La Clínica de Anticoagulación de la Fundación Santa Fe surgió como una estrategia para reducir las complicaciones asociadas a la anticoagulación. En ella se evalúan las indicaciones, contraindicaciones e interacciones farmacológicas que potencialmente pueden desencadenar desenlaces incapacitantes en los pacientes que reciben esta terapia. Objetivo: Describir la demografía, las indicaciones y el comportamiento de la terapia anticoagulante de los pacientes de la Clínica de Anticoagulación del Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo que incluyó a 257 pacientes tratados en la Clínica de Anticoagulación entre abril de 2008 y diciembre de 2013, que recibieron terapia anticoagulante con warfarina, enoxaparina, rivaroxabán, apixabán o dabigatrán. Resultados: El 62,6% correspondía a mujeres con un promedio de edad de 65,3 años (DE 17,38); 71,20% recibió warfarina, 5,05% enoxaparina, 14,78% rivaroxabán, 8,17% dabigatrán y 0,77% apixabán. Las principales indicaciones de anticoagulación fueron trombosis venosa (47,08%) y fibrilación auricular (36,96%). Las complicaciones asociadas fueron sangrado mayor en el 1,16%, sangrado no mayor en el 8,17% y eventos trombóticos en el 3,5%. El tiempo en el rango terapéutico con INR 2-3 fue del 53,5% en los pacientes tratados con warfarina. Conclusión: Este estudio concuerda con la literatura internacional al proponer que la selección de la terapia anticoagulante y su vigilancia pueden disminuir la frecuencia de efectos adversos (sangrado y trombosis). La clínica de anticoagulación también permite optimizar el tiempo en rango terapéutico de los pacientes tratados con warfarina.

Introduction: The anticoagulation clinic emerged as a strategy to reduce the complications associated with anticoagulation therapy. There, the indications, contraindications and drug interactions that could cause potential functional disabilities of individual patients receiving this treatment are evaluated. Objective:To describe the demographic profile and pharmacologic indications and to determine the behavior of anticoagulant therapy of patients consulting at the Anticoagulation Clinic of the University Hospital Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá. Methods: A descriptive retrospective study was carried out that included 257 patients of the anticoagulation clinic between April 2008 and December 2013, who received anticoagulation therapy with warfarin, enoxaparin, rivaroxaban, apixaban or dabigatran. Results: 62.6% were female; the average age was 65.3 years old; 71.20% received warfarin, 5.05% enoxaparin, rivaroxaban 14.78%, 8.17% dabigatran and 0.77% apixaban. The chief indications for anticoagulation were venous thrombosis (47.08%) and atrial fibrillation (36.96%.) Leading complications associated with total anticoagulant strategy were: major bleeding (1.16%), mild bleeding (8.17%) and re-thrombotic events (3.5%). The time spent in therapeutic range (INR 2-3) was 53.5% in the warfarin group. Conclusion: This study is consistent with international literature in suggesting that the selection and monitoring of anticoagulation therapy could reduce the frequency of adverse effects (bleeding and thrombosis). The anticoagulation clinic also allows to optimise the time in the therapeutic range of the patients treated with warfarin.

Air embolism after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in a patient with budd Chiari syndrome.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is a procedure commonly used for the diagnosis and treatment of various pancreatic and biliary diseases. Air embolism is a rare complication, which may be associated with this procedure. This condition can be manifested as cardiopulmonary instability and/or neurological symptoms. Known risk factors include: sphincterotomy; application of air with high intramural pressure; anatomic abnormalities; and chronic hepatobiliary inflammation. It is important for the health-care staff, including anesthesiologists, interventional gastroenterologists, and critical care specialists, amongst others, to promptly recognize air embolism and to initiate therapy in a timely fashion, thus preventing potentially fatal outcomes. We submit a brief review of the literature and a case report of air embolism which occurred in the immediate postoperative stage of an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, performed in a woman with a history of liver transplantation due to Budd Chiari syndrome and biliary stricture.

Nuevos agentes para el tratamiento de la hipertensión pulmonar / New agents for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension

La hipertensión pulmonar es un desorden complejo que requiere manejo multidisciplinario. Recientes avances médicos han llevado al reconocimiento de nuevas terapias que ofrecen alternativas de tratamiento, como se concluye a partir de estudios clínicos publicados en el último año. Esta revisión del tema discute los ensayos clínicos que han dado lugar a la aprobación de nuevos fármacos para el tratamiento de la hipertensión pulmonar. Dos estudios clínicos fase tres, controlados, aleatorizados demostraron que el riociguat, un estimulador de la guanilato ciclasa soluble, mejoró significativamente la capacidad de ejercicio, la resistencia vascular pulmonar, el nivel de NT-proBNP y la clase funcional tanto en pacientes con hipertensión pulmonar tromboembólica sin indicación de manejo quirúrgico, como en pacientes con hipertensión arterial pulmonar sintomática sin tratamiento o que estaban recibiendo antagonistas del receptor de la endotelina o prostanoides. Así mismo, el macitentán, un antagonista dual del receptor de endotelina redujo la morbimortalidad en forma dosis-dependiente en pacientes con hipertensión arterial pulmonar en un periodo de 3,5 años. Los resultados de estas investigaciones adicionan alternativas a la aproximación terapéutica de la hipertensión arterial pulmonar como se observa en las nuevas guías de hipertensión pulmonar realizadas en Niza, Francia, publicadas en 2013. Aún es indispensable conducir nuevos ensayos clínicos que comparen estas moléculas con el tratamiento recomendado hoy en día.

Pulmonary hypertension is a complex disorder that requires a multidisciplinary approach. Recent medical advances have led to the recognition of new therapies that offer management alternatives as concluded from clinical studies published in the past year. This topic review discusses the clinical trials that led to approval of new drugs for the management of pulmonary hypertension. Two phase three trials showed that riociguat, a stimulator of soluble guanylate cyclase, significantly improved exercise capacity, pulmonary vascular resistance, NT-proBNP levels and functional class both in patients with thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension without indication of surgical treatment and in symptomatic pulmonary arterial hypertension patients who were receiving endothelin receptor antagonists or prostanoids. Macitentan, a dual endothelin receptor antagonist reduced morbidity and mortality in a dose dependent manner in patients with hypertension in a period of 3.5 years. The results of these investigations offer an alternative therapeutic approach to pulmonary arterial hypertension as outlined in the new guidelines for pulmonary hypertension performed in Nice, France published in 2013. It is still necessary to conduct new clinical trials comparing these new molecules with the treatment that is currently recommended.

Infarto agudo de miocardio inducido por heroína / Heroin induced myocardial infarction

El uso mundial de drogas recreativas ha alcanzado proporciones preocupantes, al punto de amenazar la estabilidad socioeconómica de los países. Se estima que en los países desarrollados una de cada 4 personas ha utilizado drogas recreativas en algún momento de su vida. Por tanto, es frecuente que los médicos se enfrenten a cuadros de intoxicación secundaria al abuso de estas drogas. Además de sus efectos en el sistema nervioso central, también producen cambios significativos a nivel cardiovascular, responsables de una cantidad no despreciable de morbimortalidad relacionada con estas. En este artículo se expone un caso de infarto agudo de miocardio secundario al consumo de heroína, se revisan los efectos sistémicos de esta droga y se examinan el manejo y los mecanismos estudiados que explican esta relación.

Global recreational drug use has reached worrying proportions, to the point of threatening socio-economic stability of the countries. It is estimated that in developed countries one in four people have used recreational drugs at some point in their lives. Therefore, it is common that physicians be confronted with clinical pictures secondary to drug abuse. In addition to its central nervous system effects, these drugs also produce significant cardiovascular changes, responsible for a not negligible related morbidity and mortality. In this article a case of acute myocardial infarction secondary to heroin consumption is exposed, the systemic effects of this drug are reviewed, and the management and the mechanisms underlying this relationship are discussed.

Indicadores de calidad en la atención de pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio / Quality indicators in the care of patients with acute myocardial infarction

Objetivo: Describir el cumplimiento de los indicadores de calidad en la atención del infarto agudo de miocardio en un hospital de cuarto nivel en Bogotá, Colombia. Métodos: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo, descriptivo, en el que se incluyeron todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de infarto agudo de miocardio, de acuerdo con la Tercera Definición Universal del Infarto, que ingresaron a la Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá desde enero de 2011 hasta abril de 2013. Resultados: El 99% de los pacientes recibió aspirina al ingreso y al 98% se le formuló durante el egreso. El 97% de los pacientes tuvo valoración intrahospitalaria de la fracción de eyección. El 93% fue dado de alta con betabloqueador y el 88% con inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina o antagonistas del receptor de angiotensina II. El 98% recibió orden de rehabilitación cardiaca. La mortalidad por cualquier causa fue del 6%. Conclusiones: Existe adherencia adecuada a los indicadores de calidad en la atención del infarto agudo de miocardio, comparable con estándares internacionales, hecho del que hasta el momento no se tiene documentación alguna en Colombia.

Objective: Describe the quality of care in patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction in a fourth level hospital in Bogotá, Colombia. Methods; Observational, retrospective, descriptive study. From January 2011 to April 2013, all patients arriving to Hospital Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá with acute myocardial infarction according to the Third Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction were included. Results: Aspirin at arrival was given to 99% of patients. Aspirin at discharge was given to 98%. Evaluation of left ventricular ejection fraction was performed in 97% of patients. Ninety three percent received beta-blocker at discharge, 88% received angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. Ninety eight percent were enrolled in a cardiac rehabilitation program. All-cause mortality was 6%. Conclusions: Quality performance indicators are fulfilled and our results are comparable to those of international standards. Actually there is no record of this information in Colombia.

Diagnóstico hemodinámico de pericarditis constrictiva: presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Hemodynamic diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis: case report and literature review

La pericarditis constrictiva es una entidad clínica que en ocasiones puede representar un reto diagnóstico. Teniendo en cuenta que la presentación clínica es usualmente la de una falla cardiaca derecha, es necesario hacer diagnóstico diferencial con otras entidades que puedan causar un cuadro clínico similar. El diagnóstico adecuado de la pericarditis constrictiva implica alta sospecha clínica e interpretación acertada de las ayudas diagnósticas. El objetivo de este artículo es abordar el diagnóstico hemodinámico de esta entidad describiendo los parámetros convencionales y aquellos afectados por la dinámica respiratoria, que cuentan con mayor sensibilidad y especificidad para este diagnóstico.

Constrictive pericarditis is a clinical entity that can be sometimes a diagnostic challenge. Given that the clinical presentation is usually that of a right heart failure, it is necessary to make a differential diagnosis with other entities that can cause a similar clinical picture. Proper diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis implies a high clinical suspicion with a correct interpretation of diagnostic aids. The aim of this article is to approach the hemodynamic diagnosis of this entity describing the conventional parameters and those affected by respiratory dynamics, which have higher sensitivity and specificity for this diagnosis.

Nuevos antiagregantes plaquetarios en síndrome coronario agudo / New antiplatelet agents in acute coronary syndrome

En la actualidad las enfermedades cardiovasculares son la principal causa de muerte en los países industrializados y para 2020, lo serán en países en vía de desarrollo. El síndrome coronario agudo se caracteriza por la ruptura o erosión de una placa aterosclerótica que trae consigo grados variables de trombosis y embolización distal, que llevan a una disminución en la perfusión miocárdica. Posterior a la disrupción vascular, empieza un proceso de agregación, activación y adhesión plaquetaria que inicia la formación del trombo mural. Dado que el primer paso en la formación del trombo coronario involucra la activación y la agregación plaquetaria, el tratamiento con medicamentos antiplaquetarios es una de las piedras angulares del síndrome coronario agudo. La antiagregación dual con ácido acetil salicílico y un inhibidor del receptor P2Y12, hacen parte del manejo actual de los pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo y de aquellos sometidos a intervención coronaria percutánea. El clopidogrel es el inhibidor del receptor P2Y12 más utilizado; sin embargo, sus beneficios clínicos se ven limitados por varios factores que interfieren con la conversión del medicamento a su metabolito activo. Es por esto que recientemente se han desarrollado nuevos inhibidores del receptor P2Y12, como prasugrel y ticagrelor, con un efecto antiplaquetario más potente y mayores beneficios clínicos. Las actualizaciones recientes de las guías de manejo basadas en la evidencia los han incluido como parte del tratamiento de esta patología con un grado de recomendación incluso mayor que el de clopidogrel.

Currently, cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in industrialized countries, and by 2020 they will be in developing countries. Acute coronary syndrome is characterized by the rupture or erosion of an atherosclerotic plaque that entails varying degrees of thrombosis and distal embolization, leading to a decrease in myocardial perfusion. Following vascular disruption begins a process of aggregation, platelet activation and adhesion starting the mural thrombus formation. As the first step in coronary thrombus formation involves activation and platelet aggregation, antiplatelet drug therapy is one of the cornerstones of acute coronary syndrome. The dual antiaggregation therapy with acetylsalicylic acid and a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor are part of the current management of patients with acute coronary syndrome and of those undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Clopidogrel is the most used P2Y12 receptor inhibitor, but its clinical benefits are limited by several factors that interfere with the conversion of the drug to its active metabolite. This is why new P2Y12 receptor inhibitors such as prasugrel and ticagrelor, with more potent antiplatelet effect and greater clinical benefits have been recently developed. Recent updates of the management guidelines based on the evidence have included them as part of the treatment of this pathology with a degree of recommendation even greater than that of clopidogrel.

Origen anómalo de arterias coronarias: Reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Anomalous origin of coronary arteries: A case report and literature review

Las alteraciones anatómicas de las arterias coronarias representan un amplio espectro de anormalidades que son diagnosticadas habitualmente como un hallazgo incidental en autopsia o durante la realización de una arteriografía coronaria. Sin embargo, algunas de éstas tienen una significancia clínica variable y pueden estar asociadas con morbilidad cardiaca significativa, incluyendo muerte súbita en la infancia, la adolescencia o la vida adulta.

Anatomic abnormalities of the coronary arteries represent a wide spectrum of abnormalities that are usually diagnosed as an incidental finding at autopsy or during the performance of coronary arteriography. However, some of these abnormalities have a variable clinical significance and may be associated with significant cardiac disease, including sudden death in childhood, adolescence or adulthood.

Cocaéna y dolor torácico / Cocaine and chest pain

El dolor torácico asociado al consumo de cocaína es uno de los síntomas más comunes referido por los pacientes. Usualmente, se presenta en jóvenes, sin factores de riesgo para enfermedad coronaria, y es independiente de la historia de abuso de sustancias, aunque aproximadamente la cuarta parte de éstos niega su consumo. El porcentaje de quienes presentan infarto agudo del miocardio posterior al consumo de cocaína es bajo; sin embargo el médico debe sospechar este diagnóstico y de acuerdo con el riesgo, definir la estrategia de estratificación y tratamiento adecuada.

Chest pain associated with cocaine use is one of the most common symptoms reported by patients. It usually occurs in young subjects with no risk factors for coronary disease, and is independent of the history of substance abuse, although about a quarter of them denies its consumption. The percentage of those who present acute myocardial infarction after cocaine use is low, but the doctor should suspect this diagnosis and according to the risk, define the stratification strategy and the appropriate treatment.

Nuevos anticoagulantes orales en fibrilación auricular no valvular / New oral ant icoagulants in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation

La fibrilación auricular es la arritmia cardiaca sostenida más común y su prevalencia se duplica cada decenio por encima de los cincuenta años. Entretanto, las condiciones clínicas que más se asocian con ésta son la hipertensión arterial, la insuficiencia cardíaca, la enfermedad valvular cardíaca y la diabetes mellitus. Como complicaciones está la falla cardiaca, pero tal vez una de las peores son los eventos cardioembólicos, que ocurren aproximadamente en 4,5% de los pacientes no anticoagulados. El tratamiento antitrombótico con antagonistas de la vitamina K fue, durante más de cincuenta años, la única alternativa disponible, a pesar de sus múltiples limitaciones, las mismas que llevaron al desarrollo de nuevos fármacos anticoagulantes que disminuyen muchos de los problemas de los antagonistas de la vitamina K. Pueden agruparse en dos clases: inhibidores orales directos de la trombina e inhibidores orales del factor X activado. Tanto dabigatrán, rivaroxabán como apixabán, cuentan ya con estudios clínicos controlados aleatorizados que apoyan su uso en el tratamiento antitrombótico de la fibrilación auricular y recientemente se incluyeron en las guías basadas en la evidencia como alternativa (ACC) e incluso con un grado de recomendación superior (CCS, CHEST) al de los antagonistas de la vitamina K.

Atrial fibrillation is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and its prevalence doubles every decade for people older than fifty years. Meanwhile, the clinical conditions most associated with it are hypertension, heart failure, valvular heart disease and diabetes mellitus. Complications include heart failure, but perhaps one of the worst ones are the stroke events, which occur in approximately 4.5% of not anticoagulated patients. Antithrombotic therapy with vitamin K antagonists was for over fifty years the only alternative available, despite its many limitations. These limitations led to the development of new anticoagulant drugs that reduce many of the problems of vitamin K antagonists. They fall into two classes: direct oral thrombin inhibitors and oral activated factor X inhibitors. Dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban, already rely on randomized controlled trials that support its use in antithrombotic therapy for atrial fibrillation and were recently included in the evidence-based guidelines as an alternative (ACC) and even with a higher grade of recommendation (CCS, CHEST) to that of the the vitamin K antagonists.

Cardiopatía dilatada en ataxia de Friedreich: el punto sin retorno / Dilated cardiomyopathy in Friedreich's ataxia: point of no return

Las cardiopatías infiltrativas se caracterizan por el depósito de sustancias en el miocardio que causan un impacto negativo en la arquitectura de la pared ventricular. La ataxia espino-cerebelosa de Friedreich es una enfermedad degenerativa, heredada, con carácter autosómico recesivo. Clínicamente se caracteriza por ataxia de extremidades y tronco, hiporreflexia, neuropatía periférica, retinopatía y cardiopatía, entre otros. La afectación cardíaca es muy frecuente y se detectan alteraciones en estudios pos-mortem en 95% a 100% de los pacientes. La tasa de mortalidad es elevada y se considera una enfermedad incurable, a pesar de la existencia actual de múltiples medicamentos en estudio basados en los fundamentos fisiopatológicos de esta afección.

Infiltrative heart diseases are characterized by deposit of substances in the myocardium that cause a negative impact on the architecture of the ventricular wall. Friedreich's spino-cerebellar ataxia is a degenerative disease, inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. Clinically it is characterized by limb and trunk ataxia, hyporeflexia, peripheral neuropathy, retinopathy and heart disease among others. Cardiac involvement is common and on post-mortem studies cardiac abnormalities are found in 95% to 100% of patients. The mortality rate is high and it is considered an incurable disease, despite the current existence of multiple medications being studied, based on the pathophysiological basis of this condition.